Queen Elizabeth 1 essays

Sovereign Elizabeth 1 papers Elizabeth I was the sovereign of England from 1558 to 1603. During this time she rolled out numerous incredible improvements for England. She never wedded and governed England by her self. Numerous individuals view her as the best sovereign in England ever. The individuals of England had extraordinary regard for her and she had regard for the individuals. Elizabeth I was conceived at Greenwich Palace on September 7, 1533. She was the little girl of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn the second of his six spouses. Before Elizabeth contacted her third birthday celebration her mom was decapitated on charges of infidelity and conspiracy. Lord Henry gave little consideration to her and moved Elizabeth to a house in the nation. Elizabeth was given incredible coaches and cherished learning. She figured out how to communicate in five distinct dialects including Greek, Latin, French, and Italian. One of her coaches wrote,Her determination is equivalent to that of a man, and her memory long keeps what it rapidly gets. She talks French and Italian just as she does English. At the point when she composes Greek and Latin, nothing is more delightful than her penmanship. She charms as much in music as she is capable in it. Ruler Henrys third spouse, Jane Seymour, brought forth Edward VI. Ruler Henry passed on when Edward was just ten years of age. Elizabeths relative became beneficiary to the seat at age ten. He kicked the bucket in 1553 and Elizabeths relative from her dads first marriage, Mary became sovereign. Sovereign Mary questioned Elizabeth, who was next to be sovereign. Elizabeth put forth a valiant effort to maintain a strategic distance from governmental issues while Mary was in power however went under doubt in 1554. Sovereign Mary was a Catholic and Elizabeth was a protestant. A protestant uprising known as Wyatts Rebellion attempted to overwhelm Queen Mary yet fizzled. Sovereign Mary associated Elizabeth with helping plot the uprising. Elizabeth went through two months in prison while and examination was held. No proof of Elizabeth submitting a ... <!

Professionalism values and ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Demonstrable skill esteems and morals - Essay Example This report targets exploring how expert qualities and morals are utilized by the engineer contracted to turn UAL Campus. The design’s fundamental objective was to streamline associations between divisions inside the structure, which incorporate the development of materials and understudies. The thought behind the structure can be supposed to be the equivalent verifiable explanation, which involved development of grain around the storage facility utilizing wagons. This report will break down extensively the reason retrofitting and structural plan of University of Arts London, Kings Cross grounds with regards to the manufacture condition. The notable, financial, stylish and natural setting of the assembled condition will be assessed as far as polished skill, qualities and morals. There are a scope of variables that shape the assembled condition representing a building quandary that should be understood in adherence to proficient qualities and morals of planner. This task was considered for this paper since the structure represents a praiseworthy discussion of a neglected noteworthy structure into a heavenly open space and still hold economical qualities (Harries, 1998). A portion of the inquiries that rose up out of individuals with respects from this case include: The draftsmen authorized were Stanton Architects to plan the grounds that was evaluated to cost  £200 million in the Grade II recorded Granary Complex. The college tried to change the verifiable structure into a stylish focus of realizing which would be maintainable enough to address the issues of the understudies and those of the network as well. The University of Arts London grounds venture was finished in 2011. The structure merges the Central Saint Martins’ college’s exercises under one rooftop. It involves the Granary Building, Eastern Transit Shed, and there are two new four story studio structures. The natural area of this undertaking is great just as the environment (Fox 2012). It is in

Pay to Write Research Paper - Why You Should Consider It

Pay to Write Research Paper - Why You Should Consider ItThe reasons to pay to write research papers is to save money and time. It is not just a hobby or something that people do to have a job. People are using it as their career. I know that people like me make lots of money by doing it for free.People that use it for cash like me will write it for free to make money. I can even write from my cell phone on eBay if I want to.Why don't you write an article for cash and get paid for it? That would be an easy way to start making money. You could have some fun writing theses and then sell them or give them away to websites and get some money in your pocket.You might think that all of this is cheating but you can ask someone else to write your research paper. That is not wrong because you are being paid to do it and you should be thankful for it.If you want to be paid to write a research paper than go on Amazon and do some research on how to get a Kindle for your income. The Kindle has a t on of free ebooks and other things that you can read for free.You will also get financial relief on your taxes because all the books are registered to you. Then you can sell them for a profit.For example you can take a research paper from a medical journal and then sell it for cash and get a good profit. There are lots of ways to make money and get paid to write a research paper.When you are studying to write a research paper for an exam, think about all the things that you could use for your own benefit. And then get a free Kindle.

Mrs. Wright As A Woman s Culture Of Social Isolation Essay

Mrs. Wright in â€Å"Trifles,† Emily in â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† and Mildred in â€Å"The Hairy Ape† exemplified a woman’s culture of social isolation. Condemned in a house alone to worry only about her wifely duties, Mrs. Wright’s husband isolated her from the community and past self. Pressured by her father, lover, and her own fear of abandonment, Emily lived a life of isolation from love and her community. Caused by her many years living in the higher class, Mildred felt isolated from the rest of society and the lower class. Mrs. Wright, Miss Emily, and Mildred have all been pushed into seclusion away from general society, in turn causing all three of women to take drastic measures to break their isolation. The three females in â€Å"Triffles,† â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† and â€Å"The Hairy Ape† demonstrated the negative effect of social isolation. Mrs. Wright suffered from social isolation caused by her husband. When Mr. Hale suggested the family â€Å"go in with me on a party telephone,† Mr. Wright defended himself by saying he only wanted â€Å"peace and quiet† and seemed to not care â€Å"what his wife wanted.† Even when Mr. Hale explained to Mrs. Wright the reason behind his visit was to ask about the telephone, she laughed, but then looked scared. As if she had been conditioned to suppress her true wishes and desires, unless she wished for grief. Without the agency and ability to reach out to the other women, Mr. Wright isolated Mrs. Wright from potential hobbies, social groups, and activities. Before she becameShow MoreRelatedSusan Glaspell s The Play Trifles1499 Words   |  6 Pagesplay Trifles to embed the thematic focuses about the contrast between the two sexes, the practiced culture of social structure and household subjugation, females forced labor, and the oppression of women in order to ex plain that society should stop overlooking powerful women and their extraordinary minds. Furthermore, Glaspell was a member of a group of intellectuals who questioned marriage and women s role in society, and she also wrote the play that was based on the murder of John Hossack and theRead MoreAfrican American And American Writing1591 Words   |  7 PagesMorrison. Among the topics and issues investigated in this writing are the part of African Americans inside the bigger American culture, African-American society, bigotry, bondage, and social balance. African-American composing has had a tendency to join oral structures, for example, spirituals, sermons, gospel music, soul, or rap. As African Americans spot in American culture has changed through the hundreds of years, thus, has the center of African-American writing. Before the American Civil WarRead MoreEssay Joseph Conrads The Secret Agent4969 Words   |  20 Pagespresent in the story. Many critics note that Conrads irony reflects a pessimistic perspective of the British society in The Secret Agent. Conrads perspective is reflective of a society still reeling from the traumatizing social effects of industrialization. Walter Wright observes that Londons drab streets and barren ugliness reveal the futility of life (189-190), and impersonal fates destruction of individuals further reveals lifes emptiness (197). From Wrights perspective, the life withoutRead MoreA Christian Approach to Homosexuality7265 Words   |  30 Pagesbench of Chief Justice A.P Shah and Justice S. Murlidhar said â€Å"We declare that Section 377 IPC, insofar it criminalizes consensual sexual acts of adults in private, is violative of Articles 21, 14 and 15 of the Constitution.† While gay-rights movements have welcomed and celebrated the judgement, various religious and cultural groups have expressed their concern. A petition has been filed in the Supreme Court against the Delhi High Cour t judgement by Mr. Suresh Kumar Koushal. In the West, BarakRead MoreLiterature and Language10588 Words   |  43 Pages1990) Helmut Hatzfeld was the first biographer of stylistics and his work in A Critical Bibliography of the New Stylistics (1953) was continued by Louis Milic’s Style and stylistics (1967), Richard Bailey and Dolores Burton’ s English Stylistics (1968) and James Bennett’ s A Bibliography of Stylistics and Related Criticism (1986). Until Helmut Hatzfeld brought out his bibiography the word â€Å"stylistics† had not appeared in the title of any English book about style although â€Å"stylistique† had appearedRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesaddition to academic classes, Langston lettered in track and field events. Langston became best friends with Sartur Andrzejewski, the son of a Polish immigrant. Large, blonde, and square jawed, he contrasted with Hughes, who was small, dark, and wiry. Mrs. Andrzejewski often invited Langston to eat supper with her family. After school, the boys worked as volunteers at Karamu House, a settlement house set up to help tend to the children of the working poor, that was operated by Russell and Rowena JelliffeRead MoreInternational Marketing Research10714 Words   |  43 Pagesin Thailand? Why did the company fail in spite of coming up with a trendy and fashionable product? The reason for the company’s failure in Thailand was that they did not identify themselves, advertising in this case, with the Thai culture and totally misjudged the social customs of Thailand. The company could have been more knowledgeable about this had their information from international marketing research been accurate. This is not an isolated case, but stems from one of the many idiosyncrasiesRead MorePeculiarities of Euphemisms in English and Difficulties in Their Translation19488 Words   |  78 PagesThese topics seem to be cross cultural. A linguistic consequence of cultural taboos is the creation of euphemisms. The euphemism as a linguistic phenomenon shows no signs of disappearing. In present-day English euphemisms are mostly based on some social and ethical standard of behavior, on the desire not to hurt people‘s feelings (lodger- paying guest), to soften painful news, and very often superstition. A prominent source of synonymic attraction is still furnished by interjections and swearingRead MoreSummary of She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways11655 Words   |  47 Pagesthe poets unrequited love for the idealised character of Lucy, an English girl who has died young. The idea of her death weighs heavily on the poet throughout the series, imbuing it with a melancholic, elegiac tone. Whether Lucy was based on a real woman or was a figment of the poets imagination has long been a matter of debate among scholars. Generally reticent about the poems, Wordsworth never revealed the details of her origin or identity.[2] Some scholars speculate that Lucy is based on his sisterRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the

Coricancha Inca Temple of the Sun in Cusco

The Coricancha (spelled Qoricancha or Koricancha, depending on which scholar you read and meaning something like Golden Enclosure) was an important Inca temple complex located in the capital city of Cusco, Peru and dedicated to Inti, the sun god of the Incas. The complex was built on a natural hill in the sacred city of Cusco, between the Shapy-Huatanay and Tullumayo Rivers. It was said to have been constructed under the direction of the Inka ruler Viracocha about 1200 AD (although the dates of Viracochas rule are under debate), and later embellished by the Inka Pachacuti [ruled 1438-1471]. Coricancha Complex The Coricancha was the physical and spiritual heart of Cusco--indeed, it represented the heart of the sacred panther outline map of Cuscos elite sector. As such, it was the  focal point of major religious activities within the city. It was also, and perhaps primarily, the vortex of the Inca ceque system. The sacred pathways of shrines called ceques radiated out from Cusco, into the far-flung four quarters of the Inca empire. Most of the ceque pilgrimage lines started at or near the Coricancha, extending out from its corners or nearby structures to more than 300 huacas or places of ritual importance. The Coricancha complex was said by Spanish chroniclers to have been laid out according to the sky. Four temples surrounded a central plaza: one dedicated to Inti (the sun), Killa (the moon), Chasca (the stars) and Illapa (the thunder or rainbow). Another plaza extended westward from the complex where a small shrine was dedicated to Viracocha. All were surrounded by a high, superbly constructed enclosing wall. Outside of the wall was the exterior garden  or Sacred Garden of the Sun. Modular Construction: the Cancha The term cancha or kancha refers to a type of building group, like the Coricancha, that consists of four rectangular structures placed symmetrically around a central plaza. While sites named with cancha (such as Amarucancha and Patacancha,  also known as Patallaqta) are typically orthogonally similar, there is a variation, when insufficient space or topographic restrictions limit the complete setup. (see Mackay and Silva for an interesting discussion) The complex layout has been compared to the Temples of the Sun at Llactapata and Pachacamac: in particular, although this is difficult to pin down given the lack of integrity of Coricanchas walls, Gullberg and Malville have argued that the Coricancha had a built-in solstice ritual, in which water (or chicha beer) was poured into a channel representing the feeding of the sun in the dry season. The interior walls of the temple are trapezoidal, and they have a vertical inclination built to withstand the severest of earthquakes. Stones for the Coricancha were quarried from the Waqoto and Rumiqolqa quarries. According to the chronicles, the walls of the temples were covered with gold plate, looted shortly after the Spanish arrived in 1533. Exterior Wall The largest extant portion of the exterior wall at the Coricancha lies on what would have been the southwestern side of the temple. The wall was constructed of finely cut parallel-piped stones, taken from a specific section of the Rumiqolqa quarry where a sufficient number of flow-banded blue-grey stones could be mined. Ogburn (2013) suggests that this part of the Rumiqolqa quarry was chosen for Coricancha and other important structures in Cusco because the stone approximated the color and type of the gray andesite from the Capia quarry used to create gateways and monolithic sculptures at Tiwanaku, thought to be the homeland of the original Inca emperors. After the Spanish Looted in the 16th century soon after the Spanish conquistadors arrived (and before the Inca conquest was complete), the Coricancha complex was largely dismantled in the 17th century to build the Catholic Church of Santo Domingo atop the Inca foundations. What is left is the foundation, part of the enclosing wall, almost all of the Chasca (stars) temple and portions of a handful of others. Sources Bauer BS. 1998. Austin: University of Texas Press. Cuadra C, Sato Y, Tokeshi J, Kanno H, Ogawa J, Karkee MB, and Rojas J. 2005. Preliminary evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of the Inca’s Coricancha temple complex in Cusco. Transactions on the Built Environment 83:245-253. Gullberg S, and Malville JM. 2011. The astronomy of Peruvian Huacas. In: Orchiston W, Nakamura T, and Strom RG, editors. Highlighting the History of Astronomy in the Asia-Pacific Region: Proceedings of the ICOA-6 Conference: Springer. p 85-118. Mackay WI, and Silva NF. 2013. Archaeology, Incas, Shape Grammars and Virtual Reconstruction. In: Sobh T, and Elleithy K, editors. Emerging Trends in Computing, Informatics, Systems Sciences, and Engineering: Springer New York. p 1121-1131. Ogburn DE. 2013. Variation in Inca Building Stone Quarry Operations in Peru and Ecuador. In: Tripcevich N, and Vaughn KJ, editors. Mining and Quarrying in the Ancient Andes: Springer New York. p 45-64. Pigeon G. 2011. Inca architecture: the function of a building in relation to its form. La Crosse, WI: University of Wisconsin La Crosse.

Issues of Ethical Research - 683 Words

Issues of Ethical Research The vast majority of ethical dilemmas regarding research and the involvement of human participants is associated with concerns that are decidedly monetary in nature. Of course, the most fundamental concerns for any such research would be to protect the health and the welfare of those human participants (Callahan 1998). This statement becomes particularly true when such a population group pooled for research includes specialty subjects such as elderly people, pregnant women, and subsets that may be considered especially vulnerable. Although this consideration is widely viewed as something of a foregone conclusion concerning the subject of ethical dilemmas in research, it is actually an integral component of many of the pecuniary considerations regarding the ethics of human research. One of the principle questions of ethics in research is whether or not the information gained from human participants can be considered valid, when such participants are being paid or compensated in some w ay that could, conceivably, affect the results of whatever research is performed. Another ethical concern is raised by the efficacy and veracity of Institutional Review Boards who approve or validate the techniques of human research. Situations may very well arise in which members of those review boards have conflicts of interests with their professional duties as board members and the results of certain types of research. Not surprisingly, many of the steps that aShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues in Research2362 Words   |  10 PagesAFRICA NAZARENE UNIVERSITY UNIT TITLE : BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS UNIT CODE : BCM 308 TASK : GROUP WORK STUDENT NO. NAME : NEWTON WANYAMA 12M03EBA074 : LEWIS MUNDIA 12J03ABA007 : JAMES IKUA 12S03EBA003 : MARY ODERO 12S03ABA011 : GLADYS MUMO 12J03EBA011 : Read MoreEthical Issues in Social Research1348 Words   |  6 Pagesliving, however the meaning of ethics or what is ethical differs. Ethics is commonly associated with morality and Webster’s New world Dictionary defines ethical as â€Å"conforming to the standards of conduct of a given profession or group.† Knowing what a particular society considers ethical and unethical is what contributes to living successfully in that society. This is the same for researchers; researchers need to be aware of what is considered ethical and unethical conduct of scientific inquiry. Read MoreEthical Issues in Business Research657 Words   |  3 PagesETHICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH â€Å"Just as there are ethical aspects to all human interaction, there are some ethical questions about business research.† What are ETHICS? Such a question is a philosophical question. Philosophers do not generally agree as to the to the question but people’s rights and obligations are usually dictated by the norms of society. Societal norms are codes of behaviour adopted by a group; they suggest what a member of a group ought to do under given circumstancesRead MoreEthical Issues in Pharmacy Research1006 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Issues in Pharmacy Research Reflection There is abundant evidence showing how easy it is to exploit individuals in the history of medical research in the twentieth century. It was not until the early 1960s when the public began to take notice of the ethical neglect that researchers had for their subjects. The exposure of gross abuses in medical research generated a public furor that was finally noticed by those who administered research funding which enabled changes to policy to begin toRead MoreResearch Method Ethical Issues1610 Words   |  7 Pages1. Research methodology definition Research methodology is the philosophy or the general principle which will guide the research (Dawson C. , 2007). 2. Decide the research methods 1) Thinking about purpose You need to think about the purpose of your research as this will help point to the most appropriate methods to use. 2) Qualitative research and quantitative research Qualitative research explores attitudes, behavior and experiences through such methods as interviews or focus groupsRead MoreEthical Issues Of Marketing Research2143 Words   |  9 PagesEthical Issues in Marketing Research Ethics is that branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions (Ethics, 2015). What is Ethical Marketing? Business ethics is one of the most complicated and contentious subjects in human society. The difference between right and wrong always has lots of conflicts. What is right to one may not be the same toRead MoreEthical Issues in Healthcare Research Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many ethical issues in the healthcare field. These issues range from insurance coverage, senior care, childhood immunizations, beneficence, abortion, medicinal marijuana, honesty and medical research (Fritzsche, D., 2004). Today we will discuss the ethical concerns in only one aspect of heath care and that topic is research (Benatar, S., 2000). Medical research is necessary in order to make strides in health care, introduce new medications, to discover new symptoms and disorders and toRead MoreEthical Issues Facing The Clinical Research1833 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction There are many ethical concerns that arise when a company, or individual, stand to make a monetary gain by making a medical decision. In the clinical research, there have been concerns ranging from faking the number of patients enrolled in a study to fabricating study data and insider trading. These issues are what arise when money drives an industry that is supposed to be concerned with patient safety and scientific investigation. The conflicting interests of financial gain and theRead MoreEthical Issues in Social Psychological Research6240 Words   |  25 PagesRunning head: ETHICS IN RESEARCH Ethical Issues in Social Psychological Research Social psychological research has been conducted in response to many social concerns. Over the years the focus of research has changed greatly depending on the needs of society. However the main purpose has remained constant, which is to contribute to understanding individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviour in light of a broader social context. Social psychological research is done with both humans and animalsRead MoreResearch on Managerial Accounting Ethical Issues1827 Words   |  8 PagesWhile I was looking for an appropriate topic for research, I found an interesting publication, which fitted best to the subject (ethics in managerial accounting issues) and also included 5 good examples examples of possible problems associated with the field. The method of the study seemed unclear, especially considering the connection between the serial number of a dollar bill and the question to which the respondent had to answer in the end (in my work I will constantly refer back t o the text

Management Form Of Professional Judgment â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management Form Of Professional Judgment? Answer: Introducation Sensitivity analysis is the accounting tool used by top management in companies to make a deep analysis for a given scenario. This analysis is also referred to as what-if-analysis as it commonly involves the process of getting an insight into the possible outcome of a given event. It is used to determine the important and unimportant factors on the greater profitability of the business. Top management involves this analysis in the process of capital budgeting so as to have an insight of the likelihood of the rapport that may ensue between various parts of the project sales, contribution, liquidity and the working capital management of an entity (, ?.?. and , ?.?., 2011) The purpose of the analysis is not to solely determine risk but rather to determine the reaction of NPV to various factors used in its calculation. This is due to the fact that the process of NPV involves some assumptions founded on forecast thus rendering it uncertain. Sensitivity analysis is one variable of the commonly used analysis tool to measure the extent of change in factors and the related assumptions that would have the impact on the profitability and the projected cashflow. The process of allowing managers to appraise a project before allocating resources to it is paramount as it gives the manager an insight of what the project would contribute toward the overall success of the business(Cooke-Davies, T.J., 2001) Sensitivity analysis tool as analysis tool has a various advantage such as 1.simplicity- in that there is no complicated theory involved as opposed to the most concept in accounting and finance where the certain theoretical concept has to be appreciated before a method is applied.2.It helps in directing the management`s effort. It identifies important areas as far as attainment of the organizational goal is concerned and any facet which is regarded as highly sensational will be highly monitored.3.Source of information through the use of this analysis, various information is availed to the management in the form that aid in the use of professional judgment. Notwithstanding its advantages, sensitivity analysis has got some disadvantage in that it fails to provide clear result as the term pessimistic and optimistic may have a different meaning to different people. Furthermore, it focuses on the relationship between factors for instance sales volume may be related to cost but each factor is analyzed in a different manner. Scenario Analysis Scenario Analysis is a way in which possible future events are ascertained and analyzed. It is a very crucial tool in finance and in economics and it is used extensively to make future projections. It does not try to manifest one specific scenario but rather the alternative possible outcome. The main aim in carrying out the Scenario Analysis is to estimate the risk associated with a specific plan against different situations that could possibly arise as the plan unfolds. Scenario analysis is not dependent on the past outcomes. Scenario Analysis is a way of configuring some thought about the future. Outcomes are evident based on different expected scenarios and so are the avenues that lead to that scenario from the current state of affairs, hence giving the institution more space to vary plans accordingly. Extremely positive or negative scenarios allow are stress-tested and proper risk mitigation done if considered appropriate. An example of a scenario is that involving good, middling and bad This kind of levels allows for a prudent spread of insights. It is also likely to come up with other types or levels of scenarios, But caution should be exercised to avoid excessive scenarios as the law of diminishing returns may rapidly come into action and the extra complication may hinder the realization of useful results. They are three basic and general approaches used in Scenario Analysis; Base case scenario-it is a scenario that is considered average based on the assumption from the management. For instance, when calculating the NPV, the rates mostly used are cash flow growth rate, discount rate and tax rate. Worse case scenario it considers the worst or severe result that may occur in a given scenario. For an instant, when calculating the NPV, the highest likely discount rate is taken and the possible cash flow growth rate is subtracted. Best Case Scenario This is the optimal projected scenario and it is most likely implemented by the management to achieve their goals. For example, when calculating the NPV, the least possible discount rate, lowest likely tax rate or highest possible growth rate is used. They are myriads of benefits of performing scenario analysis in finance. These include: Future planning-this gives the investors an idea of the risk and returns involved in a future investment. It also helps investors to be proactive-thus investor can avoid and decrease possible loss that results from factors that are uncontrollable. Scenario analyses help in avoiding risk and failures by assessing investment possibility. Lastly scenario analysis aid in projecting investment losses and returns. By virtue of the tools used it is possible to calculate the values of the potential gains or losses. Notwithstanding the said benefits, scenario analysis has got a number of limitations that make it difficult to be solely depended on by top management when making company`s financial decision or when there are budgeting for their available capital. First and foremost scenario analysis is very limited to a few discrete outcomes and may fail to clearly capture another possible outcome that may be envisaged if a more rigorous analysis is carried out. Therefore, this analysis limits the decision makers to explore other possible outcomes that may be attributed to a certain project hence leading to making wrong conclusions. Secondly coming up with the scenario probabilities has proven to be difficult as it is mostly based on individual discretion due to lack of a standard procedure for getting those probabilities. Thirdly, Scenario analysis make an assumption of a excellent interrelation between the inputs in the best case and worst case scenario. This assumption is a rather exaggerated as sumption and may lead to making the wrong conclusion regarding a certain decision. Lastly, the scenario analysis technique does not provide a decision rule from which one can accept or reject a decision. This limitation gives room for final decision to be arbitrarily determined hence rendering the whole process unreliable and undependable. Break-Even Analysis This analysis aims at finding the level of sales that will ensure the business will not operate under the loss or in other words`` how much can the sales be downsized and the business proceed to make profit. It is that level of sale that the company will make zero profit. This method finds the sales required to break-even. (Alhabeeb, M.J., 2012 ) The breakeven point is that point where sum total of income is equivalent to the sum total of expenses i.e fixed and variable cost. It is that point that is similar to the level of production, below which the company operate at a loss. Break even analysis involves grouping two main production cost i.i variable cost-those cost that varies with the different meaning of output fixed cost-those costs that are indirectly related to the output production (Tsorakidis, N., Papadopoulos, S., Zerres, M. and Zerres, C., 2011). Total fixed and variable costs are then compared with revenue from sales to get the amount of sales at which the company makes no profit and no loss. This analysis is a very important tool because it is used by managers to project the results of their plans. In this regard, It computes the value of sales which the business or company breaks even. Thus this tool is indeed pivotal in the budget making process or in cases there is development of a new product. The breakeven point formula is used where the business determine the exact amount sales item that is required to give a certain level of profit. Also, the marketing department of the company can make use of break even analysis to determine the results of an increase in the amount of production or when considering the alternative of venturing in machinery that involves high technology.. Break even analysis operates under three keys assumption. First is the Mean price per unit sales-this constitutes the price received per unit of sale made. The sales figure is obtained from the sales forecast. Secondly, this analysis assumes Average cost per unit of output- is the variable cost of each unit of sales. For example, if one purchase good for resale, then this cost constitutes the amount one pay for, on average, for the goods that you resale and in case of offering services, it constitutes what cost an individual per unit of service delivered. Thirdly is the monthly fixed costs-fixed cost are those type of cost that would continue even if one goes bankrupt. In this case, it is recommended that regular running fixed costs be used because it gives one a better insight on financial realities. Break even analysis enables the company to ascertain the effect of efficiency and cost to the overall profitability of the company. It also aids in analyzing the relationship that exists between variable and fixed cost. Using the break even analysis it is possible to foretell the effect that will ensue due to change in the prices of goods and services that that particular company offers and lastly it makes it possible to calculate profit and losses that are realized at different levels of sales and production. However Break even analysis has a number of limitation which includes: The assumption that sales prices do not change at all levels of output, this is not practically true as the sales prices are subject to variation depending on the status of the economy. It also makes an arise assumption that production and sales are the same. This may not be true as what is produced is not necessarily what is sold. The break even charts take quite a lot of time to prepare and hence it is time-consuming and lastly the break even analysis can be applied to a single product. Simulation Analysis This is a method where countless calculations are used to get the likely outcome and the possibility for any choice of action (Smith, D.J., 1994). The simulation analysis can be understood by virtue of the following steps.1.modelling the project-this shows how the NPV is related to the exogenous variables. The parameters constitute those variables that are specified by the decision maker and are held constant. The exogenous variables are determined randomly and are out of control of the decision maker.2.The second step is to get the values of the parameters and attach the probability to the random variables that arises from the outside factors.3.select any value from the probability distribution of the independent variables.4.Calculate the NPV of randomly generated independent variables and the parameters values.5.Repeat the two above steps to obtain a large number of simulated values of NPV.This simulation analysis forces the decision makers to consider all the interrelation and unc ertainties surrounding the project. Simulation analysis has an advantage over other techniques as it allows to foretell things that never happened before and to run situations out of the historical confines. However, theories that are satisfactorily predictive are rare to come by and it may take years to develop. Despite simulation being applicable to a variety of context, a formal set of best practice and rules is not available and for this reason, the simulation modeling may be difficult for new researchers who may lack references to refer from. Conclusion Thus the above various techniques for capital budgeting may be employed in undertaking capital budgeting process by the top management. As it has been indicated each technique has its advantage and disadvantage and as such the best technology should be used depending on what plan. It is only prudent for the management to subject any project that they want to undertake to several of the discussed techniques because the use of one independent technique may not reveal all the result that is required to make the final decision. Therefore all of the discussed techniques are important as far as capital budgeting is concerned and are hence extensively used by top management of various companies to define the viability of a project. ANALYTICAL EXAMPLE: BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS A company expects to sell 20,000 units at $20 each. The variable cost per unit is $10 and the fixed cost is $20,000 per annum. Calculate breakeven point in units and in sale revenue. Breakeven point= fixed cost divide by (sales price per unit minus variable cost per output) =20000/20-10 =20000/10 = 2000 units To get the sales revenue at break even point, the web divide the fixed cost by the contribution to sale ratio i.e $20,000/0.5=$40, References , ?.?. and , ?.?., 2011. Sensitivity Analysis in Capital Budgeting. Cooke-Davies, T.J., 2001. Towards improved project management practice: Uncovering the evidence for effective practices through empirical research. Universal-Publishers. Alhabeeb, M.J., 2012. Break?Even Analysis. Mathematical Finance, pp.247-273. Smith, D.J., 1994. Incorporating risk into capital budgeting decisions using simulation. Management decision, 32(9), pp.20-26. 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