The Fellowship of the Ring Response Essay - 868 Words

The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring Reader Response The novel The Fellowship of the Ring by J.R.R Tolkien is set in a fanciful world filled with strange creatures and magical happenings, but not everything is so unlike our world. Many of the characters change over the course of the story, just as we do over the course of our lives. Frodo, the main character and the carrier of the magical ring, is part of the mythical race of Hobbits, yet he is remarkably human. He has the same values as we do, and his small size hides his big heart. His journey throughout the novel changes his life and his outlook on life. In the beginning he is content with his quiet life, and his voyage leaves him lusting after adventure. Of all†¦show more content†¦However the women wear their hair down and the men wear fancy embroidered vests, which suggests much later in time. I like novels with no set time, because they let me imagine what I want. The Fellowship of the Ring has a lot of background information and long words. Tolkien does this in all of his writing. I disliked all the landscape in the beginning, but I grew to be thankful for the extra description as the novel went on. Tolkien’s world is complicated, with many mountain ranges, plains, deserts, jungles, and forests, and the rich description helps to keep them straight and also helps the reader imagine the world of Middle-Earth. Generally fantasy books that are written for children have less information and more action, but not this one. This book is written with many long and occasionally some made-up words. The names, for example the name Galadriel, are made of odd letters and have strange pronunciations, yet all fit the characters to a tee. The Elvish language made by the author flows off the tongue of the reader, and is a pleasure to say aloud. The book may seem dense to a reader who prefers fast-paced action, yet the description and the rich langua ge simply enhance the plotline. Tolkien wrote his novels as bedtime stories for his young children. When they were first published, they were sold solely as children’s novels. Over the years, however, The Fellowship of the Ring has become a classic read by all ages. How doesShow MoreRelatedThe Fellowship Of The Ring1649 Words   |  7 PagesWith John Ronald Reuel Tolkien’s The Fellowship of the Ring as inspiration, an analysis is used to define to following: the idea of an evil ring to be symbolism for temptation and deadly addictions people suffer from, evidence to show the psychology and neuroscience behind what temptation is and how self-control correlates with it, and a few characters’ reaction to this ring and how the temptation of the Ring affects these characters. Tolkien was born January 3, 1892 in Bloemfontein, South AfricaRead MoreThe Myth about Tolkien Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lord of the Rings is racist. It is soaked in the logic that race determines behavior. † (Ibata 2). Many people have tried to perpetuate the myth that J.R.R. Tolkien was racist. They cite various scenes in The Lord of the Rings, in both the books and in the movies. These people are lying or ignorant. J.R.R. Tolkien was not a racist, nor did he ever intend for his novels to be viewed as such. There is plenty of evidence to defend Tolkien from these claims such as: the themes of his novels, likeRead MoreThe Movie The Frighteners Way Before I Knew Who He 1545 Words   |  7 Pageseffects of Parkinson s disease. Peter Jackson’s work is recognisable for his attar attention to detail, he shots scenes from many angles, a massive sense of humour almost as big as his stomach, Peter Jackson was a perfectionist with The Lord of the Rings as he demanded countless takes of scenes repeatedly saying one more for luck. Peter Jackson is known within New Zealand film industry and to an extent the international film industry for his unswaying insistence on coverage (similar to Hitchcock) shootingRead MoreEvaluation Of The Keith Durrant Memorial Fellowship1578 Words   |  7 Pagesfor consideration of the Keith Durrant Memorial Fellowship. I am a final year clinical oncology trainee at the Royal Marsden Hospital currently out of programme pursuing clinical research having been awarded a CRUK PhD fellowship to study advanced radiotherapy and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to optimise and personalise radiotherapy treatment for patients with bladder cancer. I wish to undertake a visiting fellowship in 2015 at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre,Read MoreEssay on Respone to Literature: The Fellowship of The Ring830 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Response to Literature nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In all genres and styles of writing, character dependencies are developed. The good guy always depends on his friends, the bad guy never depends on anything except evil. Such dependencies are developed in JRR Tolkien’s Fellowship of The Ring. The most prevalent of these is the one between Bilbo and Frodo Baggins. These two charactersRead MoreThe Rings : The Fellowship Of The Ring1167 Words   |  5 Pagesprovoke a largely reflexive fear response by means of jarring, sudden movements and changes in sound) are a tool. As a tool, there are certain things they do well, or efficiently, or reliably, that might make you want to include them in your film. (It s worth noting that these moments are used outside of horror films, too. There is a famous one in the beginning of The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), when Bilbo Baggins is presented with the One Ring. This scene is widely recognizedRead MoreA Summary Of Galadriel And Eowyn1539 Words   |  7 PagesGaladriel and Eowyn are two of the strongest and most notable women in Middle-Earth; however, they are being misrepresented throughout the text. There are many other notable women in The Lord of the Rings, such as Goldberry, Arwen, and Shelob, but their presence is not very consistent throughout the novel. Galadriel and Ewoyn both exhibit typically masculine qualities; however, these positive attributes are only mentioned when accompanied by sexualized accounts of their beauty. Galadriel is bothRead MoreEssay about The Parables of Jesus and the End Times1167 Words   |  5 Pagesreader in such a way that he or she must think of things in a new and unaccustomed m anner† (Cunningham Kelsay, 2013). Jesus used these parables as a harbinger of the apocalypse and incorporated many common situations to induce a thought provoking response to the truths He was trying to teach. However, the truth was not always received with welcome ears. On the other hand, for those who hungered for the word of God, the truth was a blessing and a comfort. The simple and engaging parable type of storyRead More Editing, Cinematography, and Sound in Gladiator Essay example1595 Words   |  7 Pagescoming from the mind of Russell Crowe within the story space. Although we and the character hear it, we assume that the other characters cannot. The use of this sound is known as internal diegetic and is effective because there is a hidden response instead of a obvious one between the main character and the audience. It gives a real sense of how the particular character is feeling and shows the viewer that he is nervous of the forthcoming battle. In Gladiator, the scene thenRead MoreThe Punishment Permutation in the Philippines809 Words   |  3 PagesTolkien’s statement in The Fellowship of the Ring, in which he wrote, â€Å"Many that live deserve death. And some that die deserve life. Can you give it to them?† This predicament can be pointed out as one of the reasons why death penalty has been suspended and reestablished as the years go by in the Philippines. In the past, death penalty has been implemented during the times of Ferdinand Marcos, Fidel Ramos, Joseph Ejercito Estrada, and Glorio Macapagal-Arroyo as a response to increasing crime rates

Essay on Christianity and Stoicism - 2346 Words

Stoicism emerged in Hellenistic Greece as a new way of reasoning. A way of fulfilling one’s spiritual duty. It quickly became one of the most important Post Classical Greek philosophies. For the purpose of my analysis, I have focused on the period 100 BC to 100 CE. During that time period, Stoicism became extremely influential in the Roman Empire. It was no longer just a Greek school; it became a semi-official Philosophy for the Roman elite. Throughout this time period, Christianity also began to emerge. Through influential missionaries, like Saint Paul (10-67 CE), Christianity began to spread and gain recognition, despite the fact that the Roman Empire was predominately pagan during the first century. Ironically, many early Christian†¦show more content†¦As evidence, he compares 1 Cor. 7:29, a text from the Bible written by Saint Paul to the Stoic text, Ad Marc. x. 11. Pfleiderer does not quote the Bible, he only cites it. For the purpose of this paper and to make the argument presented clearer, I am going to quote the Bible. Cor. 7:29 states, â€Å"I mean, brothers and sisters, the appointed time has grown short.† Ad Marc. x. 11 states, â€Å"Make haste to enjoy the love of your children and to let them enjoy your love and to drain every drop of joy, for you have need of haste; death is at hand! (43). Due to the vague similarities of concepts in the Christian and Stoic writings, especially the idea of life being short, Pfleiderer reasons that Paul was influenced by Stoicism. Pfleiderer also argues that both Stoics and Christians write about â€Å"the source of evil† (44). He cites Seneca, Ep. I 4; â€Å"Why do we deceive ourselves? Evil is not without us, it has its seat within us, in our inward part† (43). He compares this Seneca quote to one from the Bible, specifically Rom. 7:14. â€Å"For we know that the Law is spiritual, but I am of flesh, sold into bondage to sin.† Using these two quotes to argue that sin and evil are synonymous, Pfleiderer claims to have found yet another â€Å"remarkable parallel† between Stoic and Christian text. Charles N. Smiley also claims that Stoicism was â€Å"the mould in which Roman Christianity was cast† (647). Like Pfleiderer, Smiley makes equally vague assumptionsShow MoreRelated Comparing Christianity and Stoicism Essay3244 Words   |  13 Pageswas a particularly important collision; one between the Roman stoic and the gentile Christian. At this time in Western civilization, Christianity was just planting its seeds and beginning to grow, whereas stoicism was already legitimate in its foundation and strong in its following (Stavrianos 100). One might wonder how Christianity ultimately replaced stoicism as the prominent and official religion in Rome. There are a few particular political and historical events that tell us exactly when andRead MoreSaint Augustine: How He Fused Classical Culture (I.E., Both Stoicism and Platonism) with Christianity1880 Words   |  8 PagesSaint Augustine: How he fused Classical culture (i.e., both Stoicism and Platonism) with Christianity In Augustine’s day there were many religions available to choose from some of which had many gods. St. Augustine was born to a pagan father and a Christian mother. He lived a life of immorality until his early thirties when he suddenly took a new path. During his upbringing his parents began to instill their beliefs and way of living which he later began to question. Though his mother taughtRead MoreSimilarities Between Imperial Rome And Han China938 Words   |  4 PagesStatism to Christianity in which I will explain how this happened later. Now In many different ways the Han China which lasted from 206 B.C.E to 220 C.E and Imperial Rome which lasted from 31 B.C.E to 476 C.E, were both very similar yet very different. First Imperial Rome and Han china’s religion started out very similar and when Imperial Romes main religion changed to Christianity the similarities about the two Empires were no more. Imperial Romes first main religion was Stoicism. Now Stoicism, drawnRead MoreThe Differences Between Religion And The Philosophies Of The Ancients849 Words   |  4 Pagessocieties. One such change has been with current religious beliefs compared with philosophies of the past. One may wonder if these ideas still have value, and, if so, what are the differences and similarities between current religion, such as Christianity and the philosophies of the ancients. When we compare both modern religion and ancient philosophy, some people may believe that they are two completely different ideas with no commonalities. The truth is that they sometimes serve the same purposeRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1629 Words   |  7 Pageshistory’s greatest thinkers, this paper will examine the Epictetus’s Enchiridion philosophy and Christianity. While both Enchiridion and Christianity spring from the western culture, they have diverged in conceptions of happiness, their practices of the faith, recognition of the divine power, and the central idea of each wise view. Christianity is a religion practiced worldwide nowadays. In Christianity, there is a concept called Trinity, which means â€Å"God is considered as existing in three persons:Read MoreEssay Marcus Aurelius and Stoic Philosophy1270 Words   |  6 Pagesand Stoic Philosophy Stoicism is a belief that the universe, despite its appearances, is completely rational and guided by fate. Within it, individuals can, by conforming themselves to divine reason, find their proper place, learn to accept whatever happens with a strong and tranquil mind, and fulfill their obligations to society. These beliefs are the heart of Stoicism, a philosophy that originated in Athens during the 3rd century BC. Stoicism can be divided into three periods:Read MoreComparison Between Ancient Antiquity and Declaration of the U.S.1581 Words   |  7 Pagescertain unalienable rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness,† (line 7, Declaration of Independence) also finds its roots in the classical world. The concepts within this quote mirror some of the component of Greek Stoicism. They believed that all men were created equal and because of that we are all brothers. The last concept deals with the right of the people to alter or abolish a government that they do not see fit. In ancient Rome, the plebeians were people whoRead MoreExplanation and Analysis of Stoic Philosophy Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pages Stoicism is, without a doubt, one of the most widely misunderstood schools of Philosophy ever established and followed by a wide number of people. The common opinion of Stoic adherents is that they are merely cold, somber individuals dedicated to the idea that happiness is evil, emotion is to be avoided at all costs and pleasure is wicked. Although they do stress control over strong emotions and that pleasure is not the sole end of life, this is a gross misunderstanding of Stoicism. AccordingRead MoreAn Antidote Of Modern Society : Stoicism1058 Words   |  5 Pages An Antidote to Modern Society: Stoicism In the early days of the United States, Jefferson laments to his friend Thomas Paine â€Å"many of the high and important characters are in need of learning the lessons of republicanism.† Jefferson encourages Paine to â€Å"Go on then in doing with your pen what in other times was done with the sword† (Jefferson). Echoing the adage â€Å"The pen is mightier than the sword†, this proverb is the basis of Bernays’ philosophy. When Bernays revolutionizedRead More Natural Law Theory Essay661 Words   |  3 Pagesman contemplating murder would see that it was wrong by his nature. His reason would tell him that to kill another was unnatural, and therefore wrong. Cicero tries to determine what the actual law encompassed and he came up with the theory of Stoicism. Stoicism is an interpretation of the natural law which states that every, single person is a part of the universe that was created and is ruled by a divine power rationally. To live rationally and with virtue, according to the Stoics, was to follow one*s

Pre-Booking The Crafft

Question: Discuss about the CRAFFT, patient situation and plan of care. Answer: The CRAFFT CRAFFT is a tool for clinical assessment designed for the screening of the risks of substance related problems in adolescents. CRAFFT stands for the six items of the assessment Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble. It consists of a set of questionnaire, which consists of 9 items. First three questions evaluate the drug and alcohol use in the past year and the remaining six questions evaluate the situations of drug or alcohol usage and their consequences. The CRAFFT can be interviewed by the clinician or can be a self report set of questionnaires. This tool is used to identify the risk potency for the disorder of substance disorder and justifies if further assessment is required. Article Review As per the research work conducted by Skogen et al. (2013), the psychometric properties were examined for the CRAFFT questionnaires. The adolescents of Norway measured the concurrent validity for illicit drug abuse and alcohol consumption. Data from the survey of ung@hordaland was employed. The measures of concurrent validity were determined by binge drinking, alcohol consumption and drug use. A linear relationship of these parameters with CRAFFT score was established for both the sexes. The outcome of this study showed satisfactory results for concurrent validity and the psychometric properties were found to be adequate. However, since the determination of a cut point for suitable results was not available, further research was suggested. Kandemir et al. (2015) conducted a study to validate the diagnostic test of CRAFFT on a group of adolescents of Turkey. 124 adolescents participated in the study and self-administration of CRAFFT was carried out. The average age of the participants was found to be 16.653 years and with a score of two or more in the part B, problems of substance dependence among the youths were found to be optimal for detection. So, the outcome of the study was found to be satisfying for the application of CRAFFT as a reliable and valid tool for the identification of risk of substance abuse among the Turkish adolescent population. Patient Situation This is the case study of a 17-year boy named John. He came to the clinic with an injury of the leg due to falling from the staircase. A CRAFFT analysis was performed on John. He replied that he was riding with someone in a car who was drinking (Car). He also stated that even he drinks quite often to relax or partying with his friends (Relax). He was also in a problem once because of drinking (Trouble). Therefore, the total score of John was three. From the above observations, it was quite clear that John was at a high risk of the disorder of alcohol abuse. Further, follow up questions and their reply by John established this risk parameter (Sacco et al., 2014). Plan of Care The drinking habit of John was quite concerning. Kids and adolescents suffering black outs due to alcohol consumption often develop alcohol dependence at a later stage. So John was strictly advised to completely stop drinking for the sake of his good health. Proper and healthy diet was also recommended with a few medications for the injury relief. A follow up meeting was fixed in four weeks to check the patient health and further discussion on the risks of alcohol consumption, if required. John readily agreed to abstain from alcohol consumption and signed an abstinence challenge form the physician. References H, K., , A., S, E., S, S., SB, K., H, B. (2015). Validity and reliability of the turkish version of CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescents.Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment,2015, 1505-1509. Sacco, P., Bright, C. L., Springer, J. (2014). CASE STUDY 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 5 THE CASE OF AUNDRIA: TREATING SUBSTANCE ABUSE DURING ADOLESCENCE USING CBT AND MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING.Case Studies in Child, Adolescent, and Family Treatment, 72. Skogen, J. C., Be, T., Knudsen, A. K., Hysing, M. (2013). Psychometric properties and concurrent validity of the CRAFFT among norwegian adolescents. Ung@hordaland, a population-based study.Addictive Behaviors,38(10), 2500-2505. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.05.002

Midterm Cheat Sheet Essay Example

Midterm Cheat Sheet Essay Midterm Cheat Sheet (EDG 701) |Period of |Freud Psychosexual |Erickson | |Life | |Psychosocial (role | | | |of ego/social influ)| |First Year|Oral Stage—oral |Infancy: Trust vs. | | |fixations/gratificat|Mistrust—basic needs| | |ion—mistrust of |met=trust; not | | |others, rejection, |met=mistrust | | |love/fear of | | | |intimate | | |relationships | | |Ages 1-3 |Anal |Early Childhood: | | |Stage—independence, |Autonomy vs | | |personal power, |Shame/Doubt—needs to| | |learn to express |learn how to | | |negative |explore, experiment,| | |feelings—need for |make mistakes; not | | |parental discipline |be dependent | |Ages 3-6 |Phallic |Preschool Age: | | |Stage—unconscious |Initiative vs | |sexual |Guilt—develop a | | |desires—Oedipus |sense of | | |Complex |competence/initiativ| | |(boys)—Electra |e on their own | | |Complex (girls) |(inability active | | | |stance) | |Ages 6-12 |Latency Stage—sexual|Schoo l Age: Industry| | |desires replaced by |vs | | |socialization |Inferiority—develop | | |desires |gender role | | |identity; understand| | | |the world; | | | |setting/attaining | | | |goals (or | | | |inadequacy) | |Ages 12-18|Genital |Adolscence: Identity| | |Stage—(Phallic |vs Role | | |Stage) Invest sexual|Confusion—est ind | | |energy in socially |identity from | | |acceptable |parents; self, life | |activities |goals, life meaning | | | |(or role confusion) | |Ages 18-35|Genital Stage |Young Adulthood: | | |cont—freedom to love|Intimacy vs | | |and to work and free|Isolation—form | | |from parents |intimate | | | |relationships (or | | | |alienation/isolation| | | |) | |Ages 35-60|Genital Stage |Middle Age: | |continues |Generativity vs | | | |Stagnation—beyond | | | |self fam—help next| | | |generation; | | | |productivity (or | | | |feel of stagnation) | |Ages 60+ |Genital Stage |Later Life: | | |Continues |Integrity vs | | | |Despair—being able | | | |to look back/feel | | |worthwhile (or | | | |despair, resentment,| | | |guilt, | | | |self-rejection) | Psychoanalytic (Sigmund Freud 40s†¦authoritarian/restricted; disorders, fears, phobias; examined his own childhood memories/dreams(dreams (dream work: latent content vs manifest content), slips of tongue, free association, interpretation of resistance transference) †¦psychodynamic factors unconscious motivated behavior†¦libido (sexual energy; energy in all things—goal gaining pleasure avoiding pain)†¦id (seat of all instincts, unconscious, pleasure principle, illogical; amoral)†¦ego (governs, controls, regulates instincts, conscious, world, reality principle, checks controls id)†¦superego (judicial branch; moral code, presents ideal/perfection, good or bad, right or wrong)—anxiety conflict between the 3†¦reality anxiety=fear of danger from world; neurotic anxiety=fear of doing something that is punishable; moral anxiety=fear of one’s own conscience Defenses: repressioninvoluntary removal of something from consciousness that later do influence behavior; denialdistorting what the individual thinks, feels, or perceives in a traumatic situation; reaction formationactively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with the for any impulse; projectionattribute in two others ones own unacceptable desires and impulses; displacement directing energy toward another object or person when the original article person is inaccessible; rationalizationjustifies specific behaviors and it aims to soft in the blow connected with disappointments; sublimationdiverging sexual or aggression energy into other channels; regression going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands; introjectiontaking in and swallowing without using standards of some others; identificationidentifying the successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be p erceived as worthwhile; compensationmasking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations(goal=†¦cure clients, strengthen ego so behavior more reality based make unconscious conscious; self-awareness, honesty, personal rel, realistic sol to anxiety)†¦blank screen approach (therapists reveal little personally/little reactions=transference of repressed issues with others onto therapist beginning issues to light)†¦listen, learn, interpret†¦intense long (expect psychodynamic therapy)†¦Transference Countertransference=useful in group work†¦Brief Psychodynamic Therapy (BPT) Time Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy (TLDP) Multicultual: Erikson emphasis psychosocial development ppl of color; intense training (personal psychotherapy) exposes therapists own biases and sources of countertransference Shortcomings: costly, long term personality reconstruction (not short term prob solv) , upper middle-class values, ambiguity=lack of direction some cultures; doesn’t address social, cultural, and political factors Analytical Psychology (Carl Jung; combines history, anthropology, mythology, religion†¦midlife crisis)†¦influenced by past future events moving us towards individuation (integration of conscious and unconscious)†¦constructive and destructive (shadow) forces which must accept; collective conscious—past and history of species; persona—mask we wear to protect ourselves, animus/anima—biological psychological parts of M and F, shadow—dark side; unconscious discovery prepares for the near future bring balance between opposites of individual Adlerian Therapy/Individual Psychology (Alfred Adler—sickly childhood) growth model instead of sickness model motivated by social relatedness not sexual urges; purposeful/goal-directed behavior; focus on consciousness; stressed choice, responsibility, meaning of life, striving for success (feelings of inferiority motivate us to move towards superiority/higher level)†¦holistic, collaborative, social, goal oriented, systemic, and humanistic in trying to understand the systems in which we live; Phenomenologcial Approach—view world from client’s subj pt of view; all behavior has a purpose, pay attention to themes across ppl life; Fictional Finalism/Guided Self Ideal/Goal of Perfection—central goal that drives behavior; experiences not decisive factor but interpretation decisions made based on them shape personality; faulty interpretations mistaken goals=adverse behavior; awareness of faulty interpretations=opportunity to change†¦social interests (p os attitude toward others contribution) =innate taught, learned, used, Mental Health=social interests + self identification + empathy; no social interest = inferiority/alienation Community feeling=connected to humanity (past, present, future to make world better) –no community feeling=discouragement/uselessness *3 Universal Life Task: Building Friendships (social task), Establishing Intimacy (Love/Marriage Task), Contributing to Society (Occupational Task), additional (Dreikurs Mosak (1967) Getting Along With Others (Self Acceptance), Developing Spiritual Dimension; not completing life task=disorder—Things to do (build relationship with client, identify birth order, early recollections, look at private logic, do lifestyle assessment)†¦Birth Order/Family Constellation (Oldest, Second Child of Only Two, Middle Child, Youngest Child, Only Child)—interpretation of your order is key; Providing info, teaching, guiding, and offering encouragement to discouraged clients(new ways of looking at self, others, life/goals)—client/therapist rel = equal, trust, collaboration, goal alignment, encourage the development of self understanding, reorientation; Adlerian Brief Therapy (ABT)—applications Child Guidance, Parent/Child Counseling, Couples, Family, Group, Cultural, Correctional/Rehab†¦listening to children—identify mistaken goals consequences, emotional coaching, encouragement (Parent Ed Prog STEP Active Parenting)†¦ Multicultural: addresses social equality is sues/social embededness, focus on health, cultural/social context (effects of social class, racism, sexism, genderism, role of spirituality) Shortcomings: some cultures may not see self change as important as family and extended family might be more important, some may not wish to explore past childhood memories and/or family experiences, therapist is not an expert We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Cheat Sheet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Cheat Sheet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Cheat Sheet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Existential Therapy (no particular founder but many streams of thought; Victor Frankl â€Å"Man’s Search for Meaning/Death Camp to Existentialism—began in Nazi concentration camp experiences—essence of life lies in searching for meaning/purpose living an authentic life (Rollo May â€Å"Meaning of Anxiety†: therapy should be aimed at helping discover the meaning of life and should be more concerned with the problems than problem solving)†¦ Frankl – fond of quoting Nietzsche â€Å"he has a right to live for can bear with him any how† â€Å"that which does not kill me, makes me stronger *developed logotherapy therapy for meaning†¦ Sheds light on what it means to be fully alive†¦ To be alive encompasses ability to take hold of life day by day as well as to find meaning in suffering *the therapeutic process is aimed at challenging individuals to find meaning and purpose, among other things, suffering, work, and love (Frankl, 196 5) 1. Rollo May it takes courage to â€Å"be†, and our choices determine the kind of person we become†¦ There is a constant struggle within us because although growth was maturity and independence, we realized the expansion is often a painful process way of thinking; acknowledges the human situation but emphasizes the freedom to choose what to make of our circumstances; not victims b/c of choice (goal=reflect on life to see how circumstances have been accepted and control lost, recognize alternatives, decide on them to consciously shape life)†¦ *crucial significance—acts against the tendency to identify therapy as a set of techniques; focuses understanding of what it means to be human—Basic Dimensions of Human Condition (1. the greater awareness=greater freedom, 2. Ppl free to choose alternatives; freedom=responsibility for our lives, actions, failures to take action—guilt forms when aware of evading a commitment or haven’t chosen an alt, 3. Ppl concerned with their uniqueness centeredness but want to relate to others—sense of isolation occurs when we have not discovered for ourselves who we are outside of our relationships, what we get from our intimate relationships, are our relationships equal? , 4. Struggle for meaning and purpose in life—emptiness=absence of purpose, 5. Existential anxiety=unavoidable result of being confronted with the givens of existence—normal anxiety=app response to an event used as movitation to change—neurotic anxiety=extreme response usually unconscious and immobilizing, 6. Awareness of death as not negative/normal—motivation to do things of value†¦. sually deal with clients who have restricted existence—limited awareness of themselvestherapist help clients become aware encourage action in the world of how to live differently†¦most suitable for clients exp developmental crisis, grief/loss, confronting death, facing a major life decisionâ⠂¬â€Group Therapy—enables honesty w/self, widens perspective of self/world, clarifies what gives meaning to life—Multicultural—no particular way to viewing reality, broad perspective, focuses on human conditions that transcend boundaries, clients examine how social/cultural conditioning affects them—Shortcomings—ignores social factors that cause human problems, clients who believe they have little choice bc of environmental circumstances (racism, oppression, etc) severely restrict their ability to influence the direction of life, does not include social interventions, some cultures do not focus on self self-determination, not structured and problem oriented approach Person-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers—humanistic psychology—close but strict religious family relationship; play discouraged=lonely, wouldn’t share with mother bc of her judgement=necessity of nonjudgemental listening acceptance if clients are to change, not concerned with history, avoid leading/probing questions, interpretations, evaluation, or frequency/length of therapy; not a prob solving model but growth model/client chooses their goals, shared journey in which therapist guide bc of more experience and psychological maturity, greatest action=reduction of racial tensions efforts to achieve world peace (Nobel Peace Prize Winner) â€Å"quiet revolutionary†Ã¢â‚¬â€shares concepts with existentialism=ppl are trustworthy; capable of understanding and resolving their own conflicts wo direct intervention; attitudes and personal characteristics of the therapists, quality of client-therapist relationship=prime determinants of the outcome of therapy—expe cted model to evolve and change†¦. Period of Developm’t=1. 1940s=nondirective counseling—therapists permissive and nondirective, clients reflect/clarify feelings (believed giving advice, suggestion, direction, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation were inadequate, pre-judical, and often misused), 2. 1950s=client centered therapy—emphasis on client phenomenological (existence in the world around us) world actualizing tendency as motivation for change, 3. Late 50s-70s=process of becoming one’s experience—openness to experience, trust it, adding evaluation, willingness to be that process—client centered applied to education=student centered teaching, 4. 0s-90s=interest in edu, politics, industry, groups, concrete resolution, world peace increased as well as how ppl obtain, process, share or surrender power over other/themselves increased=person centered approach†¦Similiarties to Existentialism *shared respect for cli ents subjective (own) experience, respect uniqueness/individuality, trust capacity to make pos/constructive conscious choices, emphasis on freedom, choice, values, personal resp, autonomy, purpose, meaning, place little emphasis on techniques†¦Differences to Existentialism *existentialists believe we are faced with anxiety of choosing to create an identity in a world that lacks meaning, humanists focus less on anxiety but more on natural potential to actualize and find meaning; in therapy if conditions are right ppl will grow towards actualization(a directional process of striving towards fulfillment, autonomy, perfection (not perfect but higher level than previous)†¦. herapist create secure environment through congruence (realness/genuineness/openness of feelings, thoughts, reactions, attitudes appropriately/professionally), unconditional positive regard/acceptance/love (non-possessive, nonjudgemental, not for personal satification), accurate empathetic understanding (abi lity to grasp the subjective world of others; not sympathy)=less defensiveness, value their experiences, modify perceptions, increased confidence, more openness, prosocial/constructive behavior†¦therapist focus on what is right for the client, assests they bring, how they act in the world, how they can move forward in constructive ways successfully encounter obstacles that are blocking growth=living fully/authentically with realization that this is a continual process in which actualization never arrives†¦clients seek therapy bc of helplessness, powerlessness, and inability to make decisions/direct their lives and learn to explore policing feelings of fear, anxiety, shame, hatred, anger, etc†¦Expressive Arts Therapy (Natalie Rogers)—all ppl have the ability to be creative, transformative healing process bc of inc self awareness, understanding, insight, inner and outer world become one Multicultural—highly used in European countries, lack of techniques procedures but being with clients â€Å"present† (listening, accepting, respecting, understanding, responding), allows for diversity, innovation, and individualization in practice, sharing of reactions, caring, immediacy of addressing what is going on, clients more actively involved in assessment/treatment, Group/Families/School—lack of controlling but facilitators of safe/healing climate providing more self-direction assuming of responsibilities/consequences, in crisis—presents opp to express themselves fully, be understood/accepted but may need to provide more structure, workshops promote cross cultural comm†¦.. Shortcomings—clients may desire more structure and techniques, may be diff for some to transfer into ractice, some cultures may not value autonomy and personal growth, may not provide significant challenges/tasks to clients, clients select goals, personal limitation s of therapists due to a lack of experience with an experience Ethics—mandatory ethics=ethical prac at min level of prof prac, aspirational ethics=best interests of the client, positive ethics=doing what’s best instead of min level, ethics-edu everyone about prof resp of profession; provide accountability—Steps 1. Identify prob, 2. Identify potential issues, 3. Look for ethics, 4. Consider laws/regulations, 5. Consultation(document), 6. Courses of action, 7. Consequences, 8. Decide on best course of action†¦Limits to confidentiality—abuse, danger to self/others, criminality, hospitalization needed, informed consent, consultation, subpoena†¦Microskills Hierarchy —†¦bottom up.. 1. thics, multicultural competence (exam beliefs, avoid assumptions, be sensitive and understanding of how power, privilege, and other sociocultural influences affect cultures, values, biases, be aware of them; don’t impose them on clients), wellness (sl eep, exercise, balance, setting boundaries, family/friends, diet, relaxation, pers counseling), 2. Attending behaviors (culturally and individually approp visual (eye contact), vocal qualities, verbal tracking, body language, mirroring behavior (slight), affirmation, resp feedback, smiling, nodding, caring, 3. questions (open: Could? Would? Can? vs. closed: specific, Is? Are? Do? —avoid suggestions/advice, why? , over questioning or questions as stmts that suggest, appropriate/timely silence, sometimes nonattention (avoids rambling), 4. Observational skills (nonjudgemental but take notice), 5. Encouraging (use the most), paraphrasing, summarizing (use the least) stmts, 6. Reflection of feelings4 main feelings=sadness, anger, fear, joy (each has a range)†¦be present/hold space for client’s feelings, nonjudgemental, empathetic, feelings you’re most comfortable with has to do something with you personally, all feelings are ok; actions/behaviors are the problem, trust don’t try to change feelings, you don’t have to feel their feelings but if you do (countertransference) be aware, put aside, work on that personally†¦Personal Characteristics of Therapists=self-awareness, open to change, goal-oriented, authentic, humor, not perfectionist, live in the present, appreciate other cultures, social interest, interpersonal skills, have meaning/purpose, passionate, healthy boundaries†¦Diff of New Therapists=anxiety, being one’s self, perfect, silence, demands of client, client lack of commitment, ambiguity, losing self, humor, therapist/client journey, not giving advice, defining role as therapist, learning to use t echniques, developing personal counseling style, staying vital balanced